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The world’s top antidoping authority on Monday banished Russia from international competition — including next summer’s Olympic Games in Tokyo — for four years, the latest and most severe punishment yet connected to a years long cheating scheme. Under the ban, Russia’s flag, name and anthem would not be allowed at the Tokyo Games next summer or the Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022, though the competitive effects may be minimal: Russian athletes not implicated in doping are expected to be allowed to compete in the Olympics and other world championships, but only under a neutral flag. So how did this all happen?